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Public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States

University of Michigan

Latin: Universitas Michigania
Former names	Catholepistemiad, or University of Michigania (1817–1821)
Motto	Latin: Artes, Scientia, Veritas
Motto in English	"Arts, Knowledge, Truth"
Type	Public research university
Established	August 26, 1817; 204 years ago (1817-08-26) ^[1]
Accreditation	HLC
Academic affiliations	AAU CDIO URA Sea-grant Space-grant
Endowment	$17 billion (2021)^[2]
Budget	$8.99 billion (2018)^[3]
President	Mark Schlissel
Provost	Susan Collins^[4]
Academic staff	6,771^[5]
Administrative staff	18,986^[6]
Students	48,090 (2021)^[7]
Undergraduates	31,329 (2021)^[7]
Postgraduates	16,578 (2021)^[7]
Location	Ann Arbor , Michigan , United States 42°16′37″N 83°44′17″W / 42.27694°N 83.73806°W / 42.27694; -83.73806 Coordinates: 42°16′37″N 83°44′17″W / 42.27694°N 83.73806°W / 42.27694; -83.73806
Campus	Midsize City,^[8] 3,177 acres (12.86 km²) Total: 20,965 acres (84.84 km²), including arboretum^[9]
Newspaper	The Michigan Daily
Colors	Maize & Blue^[10]
Nickname	Wolverines
Sporting affiliations	NCAA Division I FBS – Big Ten CWPA
Website	www.umich.edu

The University of Michigan (UM, U-M, U of M, UMich, or Michigan) is a public research university in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Founded in 1817 by an act of the old Michigan Territory, as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania, 20 years before the territory became a state, the university is Michigan's oldest. The school was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837 onto 40 acres (16 ha) of what is now known as Central Campus. Since its establishment in Ann Arbor, the flagship university campus has expanded to include more than 584 major buildings with a combined area of more than 780 acres (3.2 km²) spread out over Central Campus and North Campus, two satellite campuses in Flint and Dearborn (each separately accredited universities), and a Center in Detroit. Since the university had already been in existence for two decades before the territory earned statehood in 1837, the university was granted autonomy by the state constitution. The university has been governed by an elected board of regents independently of the state since 1850, when the state's second constitution was officially adopted. At Michigan, nearly half of the students are now from out of state.

Michigan has ranked among the top universities in the United States by college and university rankings.^[11] ^[12] ^[13] The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".^[14] Michigan offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) as well as professional degrees in architecture, business, medicine, law, public policy, pharmacy, nursing, social work, public health, and dentistry. The university is a founding member of the Association of American Universities.

At $17 billion in 2021, Michigan's endowment is among the largest of any public university. As of October 2019^[update], 53 MacArthur "genius award" winners (29 alumni winners and 24 faculty winners), 26 Nobel Prize winners, six Turing Award winners, one Fields Medalist and one Mitchell Scholar have been affiliated with the university. Its alumni include eight heads of state or government, including President of the United States Gerald Ford; 42 cabinet-level officials; and 26 living billionaires.^[15] It also has many alumni who are Fulbright Scholars.^[16] As of 2021, Wolverine athletes have won 155 medals at the Olympic Games (71 golds, 44 silvers and 40 bronzes).^[17] ^[18]

History [edit]

The University of Michigan was founded in 1817,^[1] as the Catholepistemiad, or the University of Michigania, by an act of the Michigan Territory. Rev. John Monteith became its first president, and Father Gabriel Richard, a Catholic priest, was vice president. In 1821, the territorial government reorganized the Catholepistemiad as the University of Michigan. A board of trustees was appointed to oversee the university; the positions of president and vice president were eliminated, and Monteith and Richard were appointed to the board.^[1] The Catholepistemiad was not a university in the modern sense but rather a centralized system of schools, libraries, and other cultural institutions borrowing its model from the University of France founded by Napoleon a decade earlier.^[19] It was only after the State of Michigan entered the Union in 1837 that a new plan was adopted to focus the university on higher education.^[19]

After the State of Michigan entered the Union in 1837, the new state's early constitution granted the university an unusual degree of autonomy as a "coordinate branch of state government". It delegated full powers over all university matters granted to its governing board of regents.^[19] On June 3–5, the board of regents held its first meeting in Ann Arbor and formally accepted the proposal by the town to locate the university there.^[1] The town of Ann Arbor had existed for only 13 years and had a population of about 2,000.^[20] The original 40 acres (16 ha) was the basis of the present Central Campus.^[21] This land was obtained through the Treaty of Fort Meigs.^[22] Asa Gray was the first professor appointed to Michigan on July 17, 1837.^[23] His position was also the first one devoted solely to botany at any educational institution in America.^[24] ^[25] ^[26] The first classes in Ann Arbor were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven students graduated in the first commencement in 1845.^[27]

1886 Michigan baseball team

Michigan was the first university in the West to pursue professional education, establishing its medical school in 1850, engineering courses in 1854, and a law school in 1859.^[19] The university was among the first to introduce instruction in fields as diverse as zoology and botany, modern languages, modern history, American literature, pharmacy, dentistry, speech, journalism, teacher education, forestry, bacteriology, naval architecture, aeronautical engineering, computer engineering, and nuclear engineering.^[19] In 1856 Michigan built the nation's first chemical laboratory.^[28] It was the first structure on the North American continent that was designed and equipped solely for instruction in chemistry.^[28] James Burrill Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, expanded the curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine. Michigan also became the first American university to use the seminar method of study.^[29]

Andrew Dickson White, founder and first president of Cornell University, joined the Michigan faculty in 1858. He made his lasting mark on the grounds of the university by enrolling students to plant elms along the walkways on The Diag, resembling the "glorious elms" of Yale.^[30]

By 1866, enrollment had increased to 1,205 students. Women were first admitted in 1870,^[31] although Alice Robinson Boise Wood had become the first woman to attend classes (without matriculating) in 1866–7.^[32] Among the early students in the School of Medicine was Jose Celso Barbosa, who in 1880 graduated as valedictorian and the first Puerto Rican to get a university degree in the United States. He returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government.^[33] ^{[ citation needed ]} Michigan was involved with the building of the Philippine education, legal, public health systems during the era of the American colonization of the Philippines through the efforts of Michigan alumni that included Dean Conant Worcester and George A. Malcolm.^[34]

Throughout its history, Michigan has been one of the nation's largest universities, vying with the largest private universities such as Harvard University in Boston and Columbia University (then known as Columbia College) in New York during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then holding this position of national leadership until the emergence of the statewide public university systems in the post-WWII years.^[19] By the turn of the century, the university was the second largest in the United States after Harvard University.^[35]

West Engineering Building, 1905

From 1900 to 1920, the growth of higher education led the university to build numerous new facilities, including buildings for the dental and pharmacy programs, chemistry, natural sciences, Hill Auditorium, large hospital and library complexes, and two residence halls. The Martha Cook Building was constructed as an all-female residence in 1915 as the result of a gift from William Wilson Cook in honor of his mother, Martha Walford Cook.^[36] Cook planned to endow a professorship of law of corporations, but eventually made possible the development of the Law Quadrangle.^[37] The five buildings comprising the Law Quadrangle were constructed during the decade of 1923–33 on two city blocks purchased by the University: Lawyers Club, Dormitory Wing, John P. Cook Dormitory, William W Cook Legal Research Library, and Hutchins Hall.^[37] The buildings, in the Tudor Gothic style, recalled the quadrangles of the two English ancient universities Oxford and Cambridge.^[37]

In 1920, the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives.

After World War II, enrollment expanded and by 1950, it reached 21,000. In 1947, the regents appointed a War Memorial Committee to consider establishing a war memorial in honor of students and alumni who fell in World War II, and in 1948, approved a resolution to "create a war memorial center to explore the ways and means by which the potentialities of atomic energy may become a beneficent influence in the life of man, to be known as the Phoenix Project of the University of Michigan," leading to the world's first academic program in nuclear science and engineering.^[38] ^[19] The Memorial Phoenix Project was funded by over 25,000 private contributors by individuals and corporations, such as the Ford Motor Company.^[39]

Because of its high standards, Michigan gained the nickname "Harvard of the West."^[40] In the 1960 Presidential campaign, U.S. Senator John F. Kennedy jocularly referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in his speech proposing the formation of the Peace Corps speaking to a crowd from the front steps of the Michigan Union.^[40] Lyndon B. Johnson gave his speech outlining his Great Society program as the lead speaker during the University of Michigan's 1964 spring commencement ceremony.^[27]

During the 1960s, the university campus was the site of numerous protests against the Vietnam War and university administration. On March 24, 1965, a group of U-M faculty members and 3,000 students held the nation's first-ever faculty-led "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia.^[41] ^[42] ^[43] In response to a series of sit-ins in 1966 by Voice, the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society, U-M's administration banned sit-ins. In response, 1,500 students participated in a one-hour sit-in inside the Administration Building, now known as the LSA Building. In April 1968, following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr., a group of several dozen black students occupied the Administration Building to demand that the university make public its three-year-old commitment as a federal contractor to affirmative action and to increase its efforts with respect to recruiting more African American students, faculty and staff. At that time there were no African American coaches, for instance, in the Intercollegiate Athletics Department. The occupation was ended by agreement after seven hours.^{[ citation needed ]} Michigan alumnus and noted architect Alden B. Dow designed the current Fleming Administration Building, which was completed in 1968. The building's plans were drawn in the early 1960s, before student activism prompted a concern for safety. But the Fleming Building's fortress-like narrow windows, all located above the first floor, and lack of exterior detail at ground level, led to a campus rumor that it was designed to be riot-proof. Dow denied those rumors, claiming the small windows were designed to be energy efficient.^[44]

In the 1980s, the university received increased grants for research in the social and physical sciences. During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. In its 2011 annual financial report, the university announced that it had dedicated $497 million per year in each of the prior 10 years to renovate buildings and infrastructure around the campus.

In the early 2000s, Michigan faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. In fact, the university did not receive direct state appropriations until 1867, and for most of its history, state support has been limited.^[19] James Duderstadt, Michigan president from 1988 to 1996, had argued for years that it was a misnomer to call schools like the University of Michigan "state universities." The state's annual contribution to the school's operating budget was less than 6%. "The state is our smallest minority shareholder," he said.^[45] In 2011 less than 5% of its support comes from state appropriations, a number continued to drop still further in the years ahead.^[19] Around the time, the university was engaged in a $2.5 billion construction campaign after an eight-year capital campaign raised $3.11 billion, at the time a record for a US public university.^[46]

In 2003, two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling.^[47] The court found that race may be considered as a factor in university admissions in all public universities and private universities that accept federal funding, but it ruled that a point system was unconstitutional. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.^{[ citation needed ]} The debate continued because in November 2006, Michigan voters passed Proposal 2, banning most affirmative action in university admissions. Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions.^[48] U-M and other organizations were granted a stay from implementation of the law soon after that referendum. This allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. In April 2014, the Supreme Court ruled in Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action that Proposal 2 did not violate the U.S. Constitution. The admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.^[48]

Due to concerns over the university's financial situation, restricted academic freedom succumbing to public pressure, and repercussions of the state's surging partisan hostility,^[49] from 2000 and onwards, there has been an ongoing demand for the complete separation of the university and state through privatization.^[45] ^[50]

Historical links [edit]

University of California: had its early planning based upon the University of Michigan.^[51] ^[52]
Cornell University: had its Law School founded by Michigan alumni Charles Kendall Adams and Harry Burns Hutchins.
Harvard University: Michigan alumnus Edwin Francis Gay was the Founding Dean of the Harvard Business School from 1908-1919^[53], instrumental in the school's planning.
Johns Hopkins University: had its pharmacology department established by John Jacob Abel, an alumnus of Michigan.
Tufts University: had its College of Civic Life founded by John Angelo DiBiaggio, an alumnus of Michigan.^[54]
Wellesley College: Michigan alumna Alice Freeman Palmer, the President of Wellesley College from 1881 to 1887, "transformed the fledgling school from one devoted to Christian domesticity into one of the nation's premier colleges for women."^[55]
Yale University: had its residential college system co-organized by James Rowland Angell, a graduate of Michigan.^[56] Michigan alumnus Henry Wade Rogers introduced the "case system" and the college degree requirement into the Yale Law School.

Campus [edit]

The Ann Arbor campus is divided into four main areas: the North, Central, Medical, and South campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 500 major buildings,^[57] with a combined area of more than 37.48 million square feet (860 acres; 3.482 km²).^[58] The Central and South Campus areas are contiguous, while the North Campus area is separated from them, primarily by the Huron River.^[59] There is also leased space in buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. An East Medical Campus was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery.^[60]

In addition to the U-M Golf Course on South Campus, the university operates a second golf course on Geddes Road called Radrick Farms Golf Course. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff and alumni.^[61] Another off-campus facility is the Inglis House, which the university has owned since the 1950s. The Inglis House is a 10,000-square-foot (930 m²) mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.^[62] The university also operates a large office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.^[63]

All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.^[64]

The 2021 state budget boosted University of Michigan funding by 5% across all 3 campuses.^[65]

The University has also seen increases in their sustainability efforts through climate, energy, food systems, water, and construction.^[66]

Central Campus [edit]

William W. Cook Legal Research Library

Central Campus was the original location of U-M when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on 40 acres (16 ha) of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original 40-acre (16 ha) campus.^[21] Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between the city and university, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings.^[67] Residence halls located on Central Campus are split up into two groups: the Hill Neighborhood and Central Campus.^[68]

The Ross School of Business at the University of Michigan

Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, the Law School and the School of Dentistry, are on Central Campus. Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (which are connected by a skywalk), are also on Central Campus.^[69] as well as museums housing collections in archaeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry and art. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the Burton Memorial Tower and nearby Hill Auditorium.^[70]

North Campus [edit]

North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farmland—approximately 800 acres (3.2 km²)—that the university bought in 1952.^[71] It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modernist architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or Collegiate Gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.^[72] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower.^[73] The University of Michigan's largest residence hall, Bursley Hall, is located on North Campus.^[68]

North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the School of Music, Theatre & Dance, the Stamps School of Art & Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.^[74] The campus is served by the Duderstadt Center, which houses the Art, Architecture and Engineering Library. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room.^[75] Other libraries located on North Campus include the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and the Bentley Historical Library.

South Campus [edit]

South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Center, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band, the Institute for Continuing Legal Education,^[76] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.^[77] The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.^[76]

U-M's golf course is located south of Michigan Stadium and Crisler Arena. It was designed in the late 1920s by Alister MacKenzie, the designer of Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, home of the Masters Tournament.^[78] The course opened to the public in the spring of 1931. The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what Sports Illustrated calls "golf's greatest course architect". The U-M Golf Course's signature No. 6 hole—a 310-yard (280 m) par 4, which plays from an elevated tee to a two-tiered, kidney-shaped green protected by four bunkers—is the second hole on the Alister MacKenzie Dream 18 as selected by a five-person panel that includes three-time Masters champion Nick Faldo and golf course architect Tom Doak. The listing of "the best holes ever designed by Augusta National architect Alister MacKenzie" is featured in SI's Golf Plus special edition previewing the Masters on April 4, 2006.^[79]

Organization and administration [edit]

College/school	Year founded ^[80]
Literature, Science, and the Arts	1841
Medicine	1850
Engineering	1854
Law	1859
Dentistry	1875
Pharmacy	1876
Music, Theatre & Dance	1880
Nursing	1893
Architecture & Urban Planning	1906
Graduate Studies	1912
Government	1914
Education	1921
Business	1924
Environment and Sustainability	1927
Public Health	1941
Social Work	1951
Information	1969
Art & Design	1974
Kinesiology	1984

The University of Michigan consists of a flagship campus in Ann Arbor, with two regional campuses in Dearborn and Flint. The Board of Regents, which governs the university and was established by the Organic Act of March 18, 1837, consists of eight members elected at large in biennial state elections^[81] for overlapping eight-year terms.^[82] ^[83] Between the establishment of the University of Michigan in 1837 and 1850, the Board of Regents ran the university directly; although they were, by law, supposed to appoint a Chancellor to administer the university, they never did. Instead, a rotating roster of professors carried out the day-to-day administration duties.^[84]

The President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer of the university. The office was created by the Michigan Constitution of 1850, which also specified that the president was to be appointed by the Regents of the University of Michigan and preside at their meetings, but without a vote.^[85] Today, the president's office is at the Ann Arbor campus, and the president has the privilege of living in the President's House, the university's oldest building, located on Central Campus in Ann Arbor.^[86] Mark Schlissel is the 14th and current president of the university and has served since July 2014.

There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges.^[87] By enrollment, the three largest undergraduate units are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, and the Ross School of Business.^[88] At the graduate level, the Rackham Graduate School serves as the central administrative unit of graduate education at the university.^[89] There are 18 graduate schools and colleges, the largest of which are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, the College of Engineering, the Law School, and the Ross School of Business. Professional degrees are conferred by the Schools of Architecture, Public Health, Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Urban Planning and Pharmacy.^[88] The Medical School is partnered with the University of Michigan Health System, which comprises the university's three hospitals, dozens of outpatient clinics, and many centers for medical care, research, and education.^{[ citation needed ]}

Student government [edit]

Housed in the Michigan Union, the Central Student Government (CSG) is the central student government of the university. With representatives from each of the university's colleges and schools, including graduate students, CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus. CSG is a 501(c)(3) organization, independent from the University of Michigan.^[90] In recent years CSG has organized Airbus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has led the university's efforts to register its student population to vote, with its Voice Your Vote Commission (VYV) registering 10,000 students in 2004. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout.^[91] CSG was successful at reviving Homecoming activities, including a carnival and parade, for students after a roughly eleven-year absence in October 2007,^[92] and during the 2013–14 school year, was instrumental in persuading the university to rescind an unpopular change in student football seating policy at Michigan Stadium.^[93] In 2017, CSG successfully petitioned the Ann Arbor City Council to create a Student Advisory Council to give student input into Ann Arbor city affairs.^[94]

There are student governance bodies in each college and school, independent of Central Student Government. Undergraduate students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government (LSA SG).^[95] Engineering Student Government (ESG) manages undergraduate student government affairs for the College of Engineering. Graduate students enrolled in the Rackham Graduate School are represented by the Rackham Student Government (RSG), and law students are represented by the Law School Student Senate (LSSS) as is each other college with its own respective government. In addition, the students who live in the residence halls are represented by the University of Michigan Residence Halls Association (RHA), which contains the third most constituents after CSG and LSA SG.^[96]

A longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.^[97] Such a designation would achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett.^[98] Although none of these campaigns has been successful, a poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them.^[97] A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.^[99]

Endowment [edit]

*Total Endowment and Annual Giving, by year* ^[100] ^[101] ^[102] ^[103]
	Endowment Assets x $1000	National Rank	Annual Giving x $1000	National Rank
2018	11,901,760	9	490,035	15
2017	10,936,014	8	456,132	15
2016	9,743,461	9	433,776	14
2015	9,952,113	9	394,310	18

As of 2019^[update], U-M's financial endowment (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $12.4 billion.^[104] The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In mid-2000, U-M embarked on a fund-raising campaign called "The Michigan Difference", which aimed to raise $2.5 billion, with $800 million designated for the permanent endowment.^[105] Slated to run through December 2008, the university announced that the campaign had reached its target 19 months early in May 2007.^[106] Ultimately, the campaign raised $3.2 billion over 8 years. Over the course of the capital campaign, 191 additional professorships were endowed, bringing the university total to 471 as of 2009^[update].^[107] Like nearly all colleges and universities, U-M suffered significant realized and unrealized losses in its endowment during the second half of 2008. In February 2009, a university spokesperson estimated losses of between 20 and 30 percent.^[108]

In November 2013, the university launched the "Victors for Michigan" campaign with a $4 billion goal.^[109] ^[110] In 2017, the university announced that the campaign had met the goal 18 months ahead of schedule. In 2018, the university announced that the original $4 billion campaign had exceeded its goal by raising $5 billion from 382,000 donors.^[111]

Academics [edit]

Rankings and reputation [edit]

Academic rankings
National
ARWU ^[112]	17
Forbes ^[113]	20
THE/WSJ ^[114]	23
U.S. News & World Report ^[115]	23
Washington Monthly ^[116]	16
Global
ARWU ^[117]	22
QS ^[118]	21
THE ^[119]	22
U.S. News & World Report ^[120]	17

The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.^[14] ^[121] ^[122] The four-year, full-time undergraduate program comprises the majority of enrollments and emphasizes instruction in the arts, sciences, and professions with a high level of coexistence between graduate and undergraduate programs. The university has "very high" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.^[14] U-M has been included on Richard Moll's list of Public Ivies.^[123] With over 200 undergraduate majors, and 100 doctoral and 90 master's programs,^[124] U-M has conferred 6,490 undergraduate degrees, 4,951 graduate degrees, and 709 first professional degrees in 2011–2012.^[125]

The 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges report ranked Michigan 3rd among public universities in the United States.^[126] Michigan was ranked 6th in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Engineering Programs Rankings.^[127] Michigan was ranked 3rd in the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Undergraduate Business Programs Rankings.^[128] The 2020 Princeton Review College Hopes & Worries Survey ranked Michigan as the No. 9 "Dream College" among students and the No. 7 "Dream College" among parents.^[129]

National honor societies such as Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Phi, and Tau Beta Pi have chapters at U-M.^[130] Degrees "with Highest Distinction" are recommended to students who rank in the top 3% of their class, "with High Distinction" to the next 7%, and "with Distinction" to the next 15%. Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3.4 who have demonstrated high academic achievement and capacity for independent work may be recommended for a degree "with Highest Honors," "with High Honors," or "with Honors."^[130] Those students who earn all A's for two or more consecutive terms in a calendar year are recognized as James B. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements.^[130]

Out-of-state undergraduate students pay between $36,001.38 and $43,063.38 annually for tuition while in-state undergraduate students pay between $11,837.38 and $16,363.38 annually.^[131] U-M provides financial aid in the form of need-based loans, grants, scholarships, work study, and non-need based scholarships, with 77% of undergraduates in 2007 receiving financial aid.^[132] ^[133] For undergraduates in 2008, 46% graduated averaging approximately $25,586 of debt.^[133] The university is attempting to increase financial aid availability to students by devoting over $1.53 billion in endowment funds to support financial aid.^[134] ^[135] ^[136]

^[137] ^[138] ^[139] ^[140]
	Graduation Rates								Retention Rates
	Recipients of a Federal Pell Grant		Recipients of a Subsidized Stafford Loan who did not receive a Pell Grant		Students who did not receive either a Pell Grant or a subsidized Stafford Loan		Total
	4-year	6-year	4-year	6-year	4-year	6-year	4-year	6-year
Fall 2014 Cohort	70.0%	88.5%	80.2%	93.6%	83.0%	94.3%	80.9%	93.4%	96.2%
Fall 2013 Cohort	70.6%	87.6%	78.6%	93.3%	82.3%	94.4%	80.0%	93.2%	96.9%
Fall 2012 Cohort	68.6%	85.3%	78.4%	90.5%	81.4%	93.6%	79.0%	91.9%	97.3%
Fall 2011 Cohort	66.0%	86.9%	74.3%	90.5%	80.4%	93.0%	77.1%	91.6%	97.1%
Fall 2010 Cohort	67.4%	84.8%	72.0%	87.1%	79.6%	93.6%	76.5%	91.2%	97.0%

USNWR Global Program Rankings^[141]
Program	Ranking
Social Sciences & Public Health	6
Surgery	8
Arts & Humanities	9
Oncology	9
Computer Science	10
Economics & Business	10
Clinical Medicine	12
Infectious Diseases	12
Biology & Biochemistry	13
Psychiatry/Psychology	13
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems	14
Gastroenterology and Hepatology	16
Engineering	19
Pharmacology & Toxicology	19
Molecular Biology & Genetics	20
Mathematics	21
Endocrinology and Metabolism	23
Public, Environmental and Occupational Health	24
Cell Biology	26
Physics	27
Mechanical Engineering	29
Space Science	30
Environment/Ecology	33
Immunology	33
Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Imaging	38
Chemistry	40
Microbiology	43
Materials Science	44
Neuroscience & Behavior	44
Energy and Fuels	51
Civil Engineering	54
Biotechnology and Applied Microbiology	57
Geosciences	66
Chemical Engineering	67
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology	71
Plant & Animal Science	75
Electrical & Electronic Engineering	88

USNWR National Undergraduate Rankings^[142]
	Ranking
Engineering (overall)	6
Aerospace /Aeronautical / Astronautical	4
Biomedical	6
Chemical	4
Civil	6
Computer	7
Electrical / Electronic / Communications	8
Environmental / Environmental Health	2
Industrial / Manufacturing	3
Materials	6
Mechanical	4
Business (overall)	3
Accounting	5
Analytics	6
Entrepreneurship	6
Finance	3
International Business	–
Management	1
Management Information Systems	–
Marketing	1
Production / Operation Management	4
Quantitative Analysis	4
Supply Chain Management / Logistics	7
Computer Science (overall)	–
Artificial Intelligence	–
Computer Systems	6
Cybersecurity	11
Data Analytics/Science	5
Theory	–

USNWR National Graduate Rankings^[143]
	Ranking
Social Work	1
Sociology	1
Nursing–Midwifery	2
Health Care Management	3
Pharmacy	3
Psychology	3
Engineering	4
Political Science	4
Library and Information Studies	5
Medicine: Primary Care	5
Public Health	5
History	6
Education	8
English	8
Fine Arts	8
Public Affairs	8
Law	9
Nursing: Master's	9
Clinical Psychology	10
Earth Sciences	10
Computer Science	11
Statistics	11
Economics	12
Mathematics	12
Business	12
Nursing: Doctorate	13
Physics	13
Medicine: Research	15
Chemistry	15
Biological Sciences	23

Research [edit]

*R&D statistics, by year* ^[100] ^[101] ^[102] ^[103]
	Total Research x $1000	National Rank	Federal Research x $1000	National Rank	National Academy Members	National Rank
2017	1,434,535	2	822,436	3	118	9
2016	1,357,228	2	780,080	3	113	12
2015	1,300,340	2	728,712	3	108	13
2014	1,279,603	2	733,779	3	106	13

Michigan is one of the founding members (in the year 1900) of the Association of American Universities. With over 6,200 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy and 471 of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline,^[144] the university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States. According to the National Science Foundation, Michigan spent $1.6 billion on research and development in 2018, ranking it 2nd in the nation.^[145] This figure totaled over $1 billion in 2009.^[146] The Medical School spent the most at over $445 million, while the College of Engineering was second at more than $160 million.^[146] U-M also has a technology transfer office, which is the university conduit between laboratory research and corporate commercialization interests.

The Thomas Henry Simpson Memorial Institute for Medical Research was constructed in 1924 as the result of a donation from the widow of iron magnate Thomas H. Simpson, in memory of her late husband, who had died of pernicious anemia

In 2009, the university signed an agreement to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer. The acquisition includes over 170 acres (0.69 km²) of property, and 30 major buildings comprising roughly 1,600,000 square feet (150,000 m²) of wet laboratory space, and 400,000 square feet (37,000 m²) of administrative space. At the time of the agreement, the university's intentions for the space were not set, but the expectation was that the new space would allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2,000 people.^[147]

The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG^[148] and the gastroscope.^[149] The university's 13,000-acre (53 km²) biological station in the Northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan is one of only 47 Biosphere Reserves in the United States.^[150]

In the mid-1960s U-M researchers worked with IBM to develop a new virtual memory architectural model^[151] that became part of IBM's Model 360/67 mainframe computer (the 360/67 was initially dubbed the 360/65M where the "M" stood for Michigan).^[152] The Michigan Terminal System (MTS), an early time-sharing computer operating system developed at U-M, was the first system outside of IBM to use the 360/67's virtual memory features.^[153]

U-M is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute and the Life Sciences Institute are located at the university. The Institute for Social Research (ISR), the nation's longest-standing laboratory for interdisciplinary research in the social sciences,^[154] is home to the Survey Research Center, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Center for Political Studies, Population Studies Center, and Inter-Consortium for Political and Social Research. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.^[155]

The U-M library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly 13.3 million volumes.^[156] U-M was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics, and has initiated a book digitization program in collaboration with Google.^[157] The University of Michigan Press is also a part of the U-M library system.

*Research outputs* ^[158]
	Count	National Rank	Global Rank	Share	National Rank	Global Rank
2020 – 2021	974	9	16	360.47	5	15

In the late 1960s U-M, together with Michigan State University and Wayne State University, founded the Merit Network, one of the first university computer networks.^[159] The Merit Network was then and remains today administratively hosted by U-M. Another major contribution took place in 1987 when a proposal submitted by the Merit Network together with its partners IBM, MCI, and the State of Michigan won a national competition to upgrade and expand the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) backbone from 56,000 to 1.5 million, and later to 45 million bits per second.^[160] In 2006, U-M joined with Michigan State University and Wayne State University to create the University Research Corridor. This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.^[161] The three universities are electronically interconnected via the Michigan LambdaRail (MiLR, pronounced 'MY-lar'), a high-speed data network providing 10 Gbit/s connections between the three university campuses and other national and international network connection points in Chicago.^[162]

In May 2021, the university announced plans to cut carbon emissions from its campuses. The plan covers all of its operations and goals include removing emissions from direct, on-campus sources by 2040.^[163]

Student body [edit]

Undergraduate admissions [edit]

Admissions statistics
2021 entering class^[164]
Admit rate	19.5% (16,235 out of 83,029)
Yield rate	46.4%
Test scores middle 50%
SAT EBRW	680–760
SAT Math	710–790
ACT Composite	32–35
High school GPA
Average	3.90

U.S. News & World Report rates Michigan "Most Selective"^[165] and The Princeton Review rates its admissions selectivity of 96 out of 99.^[166] Admissions are characterized as "more selective, lower transfer-in" according to the Carnegie Classification.^[14] ^[167]

Michigan received over 83,000 applications for a place in the 2021–22 freshman class, making it one of the most applied-to universities in the United States.^[167] ^[168] In recent years, annual numbers of applications for freshman admission have exceeded 83,000. Around 16,000 students are admitted annually, with a target freshman class of more than 7,000 students.^[167] Students come from all 50 U.S. states and nearly 100 countries.^[167] In academic year 2019–20 full-time undergraduate students made up about 97 percent of the student body, with a first-time student retention rate of almost 97 percent.^[164]

Enrollment [edit]

In Fall 2016, the university had an enrollment of 44,718 students: 28,983 undergraduate students, 12,565 graduate students and 2,665 first professional students^[7] ^[88] in a total of 600 academic programs. Of all students, 37,954 (84.9%) are U.S. citizens or permanent residents and 6,764 (15.1%) are international students.^[7]

In 2014, undergraduates were enrolled in 12 schools or colleges: About 61 percent in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts; 21 percent in the College of Engineering; 5.3 percent in the Ross School of Business; 3.3 percent in the School of Kinesiology; 2.7 percent in the School of Music, Theatre & Dance; and 2 percent in the School of Nursing. Small numbers of undergraduates were enrolled in the colleges or schools of Art & Design, Architecture & Urban Planning, Dentistry, Education, Pharmacy, and Public Policy.^[88] In 2014, the School of Information opened to undergraduates, with the new Bachelor of Science in Information degree. Among undergraduates, 70 percent graduate with a bachelor's degree within four years, 86 percent graduate within five years and 88 percent graduating within six years.^[169]

*Demographics of student body (Fall 2018)* ^[170] ^[171]
	Undergraduate	Graduate
African American	4.24%	4.46%
Asian American	14.63%	7.89%
European American	58.24%	41.53%
Hispanic American	6.3%	6.2%
Native American	0.12%	0.16%
International student	7.4%	33.9%

Of the university's 12,714 non-professional graduate students, 5,367 are seeking academic doctorates and 6,821 are seeking master's degrees. The largest number of master's degree students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business (1,812 students seeking MBA or Master of Accounting degrees) and the College of Engineering (1,456 students seeking M.S. or M.Eng. degrees). The largest number of doctoral students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (2,076) and College of Engineering (1,496). While the majority of U-M's graduate degree-granting schools and colleges have both undergraduate and graduate students, a few schools only issue graduate degrees. Presently, the School of Natural Resources and Environment, School of Public Health, and School of Social Work only have graduate students.^[88]

West Hall at the Southeast corner of the Diag

In Fall 2014, 2,709 Michigan students were enrolled in U-M's professional schools: the School of Dentistry (628 students), Law School (1,047 students), Medical School (1,300 students), and College of Pharmacy (436 students).^[88]

Student life [edit]

Residential life [edit]

The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate approximately 10,000 students, or nearly 25 percent of the total student population at the university.^[172] The residence halls are located in three distinct geographic areas on campus: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1,270 students,^[173] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents.^[174] A majority of upper-division and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas.

The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars, medical sciences, community service and the German language.^[175] The Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars and the Women in Science and Engineering Residence Program are housed in Mosher-Jordan Hall. The Residential College (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. The Michigan Community Scholars Program, dedicated to civic engagement, community service learning and intercultural understanding and dialogue, is located in West Quad.^[176] The Lloyd Hall Scholars Program (LHSP) is located in Alice Lloyd Hall. The Health Sciences Scholars Program (HSSP) is located in Couzens Hall. The North Quad complex houses two additional living-learning communities: the Global Scholars Program^[177] and the Max Kade German Program.^[178] It is "technology-rich," and houses communication-related programs, including the School of Information, the Department of Communication Studies, and the Department of Screen Arts and Cultures.^[179] ^[180] North Quad is also home to services such as the Language Resource Center and the Sweetland Center for Writing.^[181]

The residential system also has a number of "theme communities" where students have the opportunity to be surrounded by students in a residential hall who share similar interests. These communities focus on global leadership, the college transition experience, and internationalism.^[182] The Adelia Cheever Program is housed in the Helen Newberry House.^[183] The First Year Experience is housed in the Baits II Houses and Markley Hall along with portions of all other buildings with the exception of North Quad, Northwood, and Stockwell Hall.^[184] The Sophomore Experience is housed in Stockwell Hall and the Transfer Year Experience is housed in Northwood III.^[185] ^[186] The newly organized International Impact program is housed in North Quad.^[187]

Groups and activities [edit]

The university lists 1,438 student organizations.^[188] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights, such as local chapters of Students for a Democratic Society and United Students Against Sweatshops (USAS). The latter group seeks to hold accountable multinational companies that exploit their workers in factories around the world where college apparel is produced. Although the student body generally leans toward left-wing politics,^[189] there are also conservative groups, such as Young Americans for Freedom, and non-partisan groups, such as the Roosevelt Institute.

The university's Spectrum Center is the oldest collegiate LGBT student center in the U.S.^[190]

There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which has placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times.^[191] Michigan Interactive Investments,^[192] the TAMID Israel Investment Group, and the Michigan Economics Society^[193] are also affiliated with the university.

The university also showcases many community service organizations and charitable projects, including Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Dance Marathon at the University of Michigan,^[194] The Detroit Partnership, Relay For Life, U-M Stars for the Make-A-Wish Foundation, InnoWorks at the University of Michigan, SERVE, Letters to Success, PROVIDES, Circle K, Habitat for Humanity,^[195] and Ann Arbor Reaching Out. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.^[196]

Fraternities and sororities play a role in the university's social life; approximately 17% of undergraduates are involved in Greek life. Membership numbers for the 2009–2010 school year reached the highest in the last two decades. Four different Greek councils—the Interfraternity Council, Multicultural Greek Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council, and Panhellenic Association—represent most Greek organizations. Each council has a different recruitment process.^[197]

The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.^[198] The University Activities Center (UAC) is a student-run programming organization and is composed of 14 committees.^[199] Each group involves students in the planning and execution of a variety of events both on and off campus.

Phi Delta Phi, the oldest legal organization in continuous existence in the United States.

The Michigan Marching Band, composed of more than 350 students from almost all of U-M's schools,^[200] is the university's marching band. Over 100 years old,^[201] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club, founded in 1859 and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over 100 members.^[202] Its eight-member subset a cappella group, the University of Michigan Friars, which was founded in 1955, is the oldest currently running a cappella group on campus.^[203] The University of Michigan is also home to over twenty other a cappella groups, including Amazin' Blue, The Michigan G-Men, and Compulsive Lyres, all of which have competed at the International Championship of Collegiate A Cappella (ICCA) finals in New York City. Compulsive Lyres are the first and only group from Michigan to claim an ICCA title, having won in 2002.^[204] The Michigan G-Men are one of only six groups in the country to compete at ICCA finals four times, one of only two TTBB ensembles to do so, and placed third at the competition in 2015.^[205] Amazin' Blue placed fourth at ICCA finals in 2017. In 2020, The A Cappella Archive ranked The Michigan G-Men and Amazin' Blue at #7 and #13, respectively, out of all groups that have ever competed in ICCA.^[206]

The archway to the Law Quadrangle

The University of Michigan also encourages many cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus. There are currently over 317 organizations under this category.^[207] There are organizations for almost every culture from the Arab Student Association to Persian Student Association^[208] to African Students Association^[209] to even the Egyptian Student Association.^[210] These organizations hope to promote various aspects of their culture along with raising political and social awareness around campus by hosting an assortment of events throughout the school year. These clubs also help students make this large University into a smaller community to help find people with similar interests and backgrounds.

Collegiate secret societies [edit]

The University of Michigan hosts three secret societies: Michigauma, Adara, and the Vulcans. Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group "The Tower Society", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed.

Michigauma, more recently known as the Order of Angell, was formed in 1902 by a group of seniors in coordination with University president James Burrill Angell. The group disbanded itself in 2021 due to public concerns about elitism and the society's history. The group was granted a lease for the top floor of the Michigan Union tower in 1932, which they referred to as the "tomb," but the society vacated the space in 2000. Until more recent reforms, the group's rituals were inspired by the culture of Native Americans.^[211] Some factions on campus identified Michigauma as a secret society, but many disputed that characterization, as its member list has been published some years in The Michigan Daily and the Michiganensian, and online since 2006 reforms.
Adara, known as Phoenix, was formed in the late 1970s by women leaders on campus and disbanded itself in 2021 amid campus criticisms of secret societies.^[212] In the early 1980s they joined the tower society and occupied the sixth floor of the tower just below Michigamua.
Vulcans, occupied the fifth floor of the Union tower though were not formally a part of the tower society. They draw their heritage from the Roman god Vulcan. The group which used to do its tapping publicly is known for its long black robes and for its financial contributions of the College of Engineering.

Media and publications [edit]

Several academic journals are published at the university:

The Law School publishes the well-regarded Michigan Law Review and six other law journals: The Michigan Journal of Environmental and Administrative Law, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Michigan Telecommunications and Technology Law Review, Michigan Journal of International Law, and Michigan Journal of Gender and Law.^[213]
The Ross School of Business publishes the Michigan Journal of Business.
Several undergraduate journals are also published at the university, including the Michigan Journal of Political Science, Michigan Journal of History, University of Michigan Undergraduate Research Journal, the Michigan Journal of International Affairs, and the Michigan Journal of Asian Studies.

The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily, founded in 1890 and editorially and financially independent of the university. The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. The yearbook is the Michiganensian, founded in 1896. Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publication Gargoyle Humor Magazine is also published by Michigan students.

WCBN-FM (88.3 FM) is the student-run college radio station which plays in freeform format. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station. A carrier current station, it was launched in 1953.^[214]

Athletics [edit]

University of Michigan Golf Course was designed by Scottish golf course architect Alister MacKenzie and opened in 1931.

The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the Wolverines. They participate in the NCAA's Football Bowl Subdivision (formerly Division I-A) and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except women's water polo, which is a member of the Collegiate Water Polo Association. U-M boasts 27 varsity sports, including 13 men's teams and 14 women's teams.^[215] In 10 of the past 14 years concluding in 2009, U-M has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to tabulate the success of universities in competitive sports. U-M has finished in the top 10 of the Directors' Cup standings in 14 of the award's 16 seasons and has placed in the top six in nine of the last 10 seasons.^[216]

Michigan's athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Wolverines. More than 250 Michigan athletes or coaches have participated in Olympic events,^[217] and as of 2021 its students and alumni have won 155 Olympic medals.^[218]

Michigan Stadium is the largest college football stadium in the nation and one of the largest football-only stadiums in the world, with an official capacity of 107,601^[219] (the extra seat is said to be "reserved" for Fritz Crisler^[220]) though attendance—frequently over 111,000 spectators—regularly exceeds the official capacity.^[221] The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium.

U-M is also home to 29 men's and women's club sports teams, such as rugby, hockey, volleyball, boxing, soccer, and tennis.

National championships [edit]

The Michigan football program ranks first in NCAA history in total wins (925 through the end of the 2015 season) and first among FBS schools in winning percentage (.731).^[222] The team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902. U-M had 40 consecutive winning seasons from 1968 to 2007, including consecutive bowl game appearances from 1975 to 2007.^[223] The Wolverines have won a record 42 Big Ten championships. The program has 11 national championships, most recently in 1997,^[224] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners: Tom Harmon, Desmond Howard and Charles Woodson.^[225]

The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won nine national championships.^[226]

The men's basketball team, which plays at the Crisler Center, has appeared in five Final Fours and won the national championship in 1989. The program also voluntarily vacated victories from its 1992–1993 and 1995–1999 seasons in which the payments took place, as well as its 1992 and 1993 Final Four appearances.^[227] The men's basketball team has most recently won back-to-back Big Ten Tournament Championships.

In the Olympics [edit]

Through the 2008 Summer Olympics, 178 U-M students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in each Summer Olympic Games except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. U-M students have won a total of 151 Olympic medals: 72 golds, 39 silvers, and 40 bronzes.^[228]

Fight songs and chants [edit]

The University of Michigan's fight song, "The Victors," was written by student Louis Elbel in 1898 following the last-minute football victory over the University of Chicago that won a league championship. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa as "the greatest college fight song ever written."^[229] The song refers to the university as being "the Champions of the West." At the time, U-M was part of the Western Conference, which would later become the Big Ten Conference. Michigan was considered to be on the Western Frontier when it was founded in the old Northwest Territory.

Although mainly used at sporting events, the Michigan fight song is often heard at other events as well. President Gerald Ford had it played by the United States Marine Band as his entrance anthem during his term as president from 1974 to 1977, in preference over the more traditional "Hail to the Chief",^[230] and the Michigan Marching Band performed a slow-tempo variation of the fight song at his funeral.^[231] The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies. The university's alma mater song is "The Yellow and Blue." A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!" which has a complementary short musical arrangement written by former students Joseph Carl, a sousaphonist, and Albert Ahronheim, a drum major.^[232]

Before "The Victors" was officially the university's fight song, the song "There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight" was considered to be the school song.^[233] After Michigan temporarily withdrew from the Western Conference in 1907, a new Michigan fight song "Varsity" was written in 1911 because the line "champions of the West" was no longer appropriate.^[234]

Museums [edit]

The university is also home to several public and research museums including but not limited to the University Museum of Art, University of Michigan Museum of Natural History, Detroit Observatory, Sindecuse Museum of Dentistry, and the LSA Museum of Anthropological Archaeology.

Kelsey Museum of Archeology has a collection of Roman, Greek, Egyptian, and Middle Eastern artifacts.^[235] Between 1972 and 1974, the museum was involved in the excavation of the archaeological site of Dibsi Faraj in northern Syria.^[236] The Kelsey Museum re-opened November 1, 2009 after a renovation and expansion.^[237]

The collection of the University of Michigan Museum of Art include nearly 19,000 objects that span cultures, eras, and media and include European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African art, as well as changing exhibits. The Museum of Art re-opened in 2009 after a three-year renovation and expansion.^[238] UMMA presents special exhibitions and diverse educational programs featuring the visual, performing, film and literary arts that contextualize the gallery experience.^[239]

The University of Michigan Museum of Natural History began in the mid-19th century and expanded greatly with the donation of 60,000 specimens by Joseph Beal Steere in the 1870s. The building also houses three research museums: the Museum of Anthropology, Museum of Paleontology. Today, the collections are primarily housed and displayed in the Ruthven Museums Building which was completed in 1928.^[240]

Notable alumni [edit]

In addition to the late U.S. president Gerald Ford, the university has, as of 2020,^[update] produced thirty-four Pulitzer Prize winners, twenty-seven Rhodes Scholars,^[241] one Mitchell Scholar^[242] and nine Nobel laureates. As of 2012^[update], the university has almost 500,000 living alumni.^[243]

More than 250 Michigan graduates have served as legislators as either a United States Senator (47 graduates) or as a Congressional representative (over 215 graduates), including former House Majority Leader Dick Gephardt^[244] and U.S. Representative Justin Amash, who represented Michigan's Third Congressional District.^[245] Mike Duggan, Mayor of Detroit, earned his bachelor's degree and J.D. degree at Michigan, while the former Michigan Governor Rick Snyder earned his bachelor, M.B.A., and J.D. degrees from Michigan. Former Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson received his medical degree from the U-M medical school. Thomas E. Dewey, another Michigan alumnus, was the Governor of New York from 1943 to 1954 and was the Republican Party's presidential nominee in the 1944 and 1948 presidential elections. The 13th President of Pakistan, Arif Alvi, completed his master's degree in prosthodontics in 1975.

Puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada David Mills (LAW: LLB 1867)

U-M's contributions to aeronautics include aircraft designer Clarence "Kelly" Johnson of Lockheed Skunk Works fame,^[246] Lockheed president Willis Hawkins, and several astronauts including the all-U-M crews of both Gemini 4^[247] and Apollo 15.^[248]

Numerous U-M graduates contributed greatly to the field of computer science, including Claude Shannon (who made major contributions to the mathematics of information theory),^[249] and Turing Award winners Edgar Codd, Stephen Cook, Frances E. Allen and Michael Stonebraker. U-M also counts among its alumni nearly two dozen billionaires, including prominent tech-company founders and co-founders such as Dr. J. Robert Beyster, who founded Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) in 1969^[250] and Google co-founder Larry Page.^[251]

Mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer Claude Shannon (A.B., B.S.E.E.)
Physician, research scientist, and author Alice Hamilton (MED: MD 1893)
Biochemist and Nobel laureate in Physiology or Medicine Stanley Cohen (Ph.D. 1949)

Several prominent and/or groundbreaking women have studied at Michigan—by 1900, nearly 150 women had received advanced degrees from U-M.^[252] Sarah Dix Hamlin was the first female student accepted to the University of Michigan. She graduated in 1874.^[253] Marjorie Lee Browne received her M.S. in 1939 and her doctoral degree in 1950, becoming the third African American woman to earn a PhD in mathematics.^[254] ^[255] Many, however, were forced to leave the university to continue their studies or to become faculty in their own right elsewhere, like Katharine Coman—when U-M President James Angell offered her a "Dean of Women" position, she told him that ″′if the regents...wish to propose a chaperone for students, and propose to dignify that office by allowing the woman who holds it to do a little University teaching,′ she was not interested. If, however, the regents accepted women as equal partners and as faculty, and if she were one of several women given proper rank and authority, she would consider it.″^[252] Michigan's Regents did not accept, so instead Coman became dean, founder of the Economics Department, and the first female statistics professor in the US at Wellesley College.^[256] ^: 15

Notable writers who attended U-M include playwright Arthur Miller,^[244] essayists Susan Orlean,^[244] Jia Tolentino,^[257] Sven Birkerts, journalists and editors Mike Wallace,^[244] Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Indian author and columnist Anees Jung, Daniel Okrent,^[244] and Sandra Steingraber, food critics Ruth Reichl and Gael Greene, novelists Brett Ellen Block, Elizabeth Kostova, Marge Piercy,^[244] Brad Meltzer,^[244] Betty Smith,^[244] and Charles Major, screenwriter Judith Guest,^[244] Pulitzer Prize-winning poet Theodore Roethke, National Book Award winners Keith Waldrop and Jesmyn Ward, composer/author/puppeteer Forman Brown, and Alireza Jafarzadeh (a Middle East analyst, author, and TV commentator).

In Hollywood, famous alumni include actors Michael Dunn,^[244] Darren Criss, James Earl Jones,^[244] David Alan Grier,^[244] actresses Lucy Liu,^[244] Gilda Radner,^[244] and Selma Blair,^[244] television director Mark Cendrowski, and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan.^[244] Many Broadway and musical theatre actors, including Gavin Creel,^[244] Andrew Keenan-Bolger, his sister Celia Keenan-Bolger, and Taylor Louderman attended U-M for musical theatre. The musical theatre group StarKid Productions had their start at the university, and staged multiple productions there.^[258]

Musical graduates include operatic soprano Jessye Norman,^[244] singer Joe Dassin, jazz guitarist Randy Napoleon, and Mannheim Steamroller founder Chip Davis.^[244] Well-known composers who are alumni include Frank Ticheli, Andrew Lippa, and the Oscar and Tony Award-winning duo Benj Pasek and Justin Paul. Pop Superstar Madonna^[244] and rock legend Iggy Pop,^[244] attended but did not graduate.

Other U-M graduates include former Dean of Harvard Law School Martha Minow, Dean of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Erika H. James, current Dean of Yale Law School, Heather Gerken, assisted-suicide advocate Dr. Jack Kevorkian,^[244] Weather Underground radical activist Bill Ayers,^[259] activist Tom Hayden,^[244] architect Charles Moore,^[260] the Swedish Holocaust hero Raoul Wallenberg,^[261] and Civil War General Benjamin D. Pritchard.^[262] Neurosurgeon and CNN chief medical correspondent Sanjay Gupta attended both college and medical school at the university.^[263] Clarence Darrow attended law school at U-M at a time when many lawyers did not receive any formal education.^[244] Frank Murphy, who was mayor of Detroit, governor of Michigan, attorney general of the United States, and Supreme Court justice was also a graduate of the Law School.^[244] Conservative pundit Ann Coulter is another U-M law school graduate (J.D. 1988).^[244]

Vaughn R. Walker, a federal district judge in California who overturned the controversial California Proposition 8 in 2010 and ruled it unconstitutional, received his undergraduate degree from U-M in 1966.^[264]

Kenneth Marin, who became a professor of economics after he graduated from the University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, was appointed by President Lyndon B. Johnson as a member of the White House Consumer Advisory Council where he served on Wage and Price Control in the mid-1960s. He went to Tanzania in the late sixties and worked as an economic advisor to the government of President Julius Nyerere until the early 1970s.

U-M athletes have starred in Major League Baseball, the National Football League and National Basketball Association as well as other professional sports. Notable among recent players is Tom Brady of the New England Patriots and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.^[244] Three players have won college football's Heisman Trophy, awarded to the player considered the best in the nation: Tom Harmon (1940), Desmond Howard (1991) and Charles Woodson (1997).^[225] Professional golfer John Schroeder and Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps also attended the University of Michigan, with the latter studying Sports Marketing and Management. Phelps also swam competitively for Club Wolverine, a swimming club associated with the university.^[265] National Hockey League players Marty Turco, Chris Summers, Max Pacioretty, Carl Hagelin, Dylan Larkin, Zach Hyman, Brendan Morrison,^[244] Jack Johnson, and Michael Cammalleri^[244] all played for U-M's ice hockey team. Baseball Hall of Famers George Sisler and Barry Larkin also played baseball at the university.^[244] Several team owners have also been alumni, including multiple-team owner Bill Davidson (NBA Detroit Pistons, NHL Tampa Bay Lightning, WNBA Detroit Shock, among others) and NFL owners Stephen M. Ross (Miami Dolphins), Preston Robert Tisch (New York Giants), and Ralph Wilson (Buffalo Bills).

The university claims the only alumni association with a chapter on the moon, established in 1971 when the crew of Apollo 15 (two of whom had engineering degrees from U-M; the third had attended for a year before transferring^[248]) placed a charter plaque for a new U-M Alumni Association on the lunar surface.^[244] The plaque states: "The Alumni Association of The University of Michigan. Charter Number 1. This is to certify that The University of Michigan Club of The Moon is a duly constituted unit of the Alumni Association and entitled to all the rights and privileges under the Association's Constitution." Several small U-M flags were also brought on the mission; a persistent campus legend claims at least one flag was left on the moon.^[248]

Controversies [edit]

In the 1980s, the university's involvement in the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa caused controversy on campus.^[266] ^[267]
In 1987, a DJ on WJJX, a student-run radio station, attracted controversy by allowing racist jokes to air on his program.^[268] ^[269] The station was shut down for a month following the incident.^[268] It was shut down permanently in the 1990s.
On May 1, 2014, University of Michigan was named one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation by the Office of Civil Rights "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment complaints." President Barack Obama's White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was organized for such investigations.^[270]
In 2021 music professor Bright Sheng stepped down from teaching an undergraduate musical composition class, where he says he had intended to show how Giuseppe Verdi adapted William Shakespeare's play Othello into his opera Otello, after a controversy over his showing the 1965 British movie Othello, allegedly without giving students any warning that it contained blackface.^[271]

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